大白熊犬

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發展曆史

大白熊犬健壯的體格是當今最有力量的犬種，此犬心地善良性情沉穩，溫馴忠實，富有感情，并具有守衛犬的能力。為了保持此犬的身心健康及美麗的容姿，飼養者應給與充分的食量，讓它足夠的運動并定期整理被毛。雖然體内有一顆善良的心，能适應家居生活，但絕非室内型品種。大白熊犬并不是生來就屬于沉穩的犬種，此犬曾一度被用于戰場上，有時頸部被挂上鐵鍊。此類犬身材碩大，神志威嚴，體格強健，可是并代表這類犬沒有一定的優雅姿态。重要比例:頭骨的較寬部分等于身長。口吻比頭骨路短。從肩點到臀蹲點的身長距離略大于犬的肩高。胸部的深度等于，或者略小于肩高的一半。

大白熊犬為人類工作的曆史已有40個世紀了，沒有其他的犬種可以與之相比。在英國和歐洲大陸大白熊犬被人們稱做比利牛斯山犬，與現的牧羊犬一起在比利牛斯山上工作。人們曾發現青銅器時代大白熊犬的化石，由此可以粗略推斷大白熊犬在公元前1800～前1000年之間在歐洲出現。有人認為，大白熊犬起源于中亞或西伯利亞，并随雅利安人遷徙到歐洲。另外一種廣泛為人接受的說法是，大白熊犬是鬥牛獒犬的後代。鬥牛獒犬在波羅的海和北海海岸最古老的地層中曾被發現，并發現了它是家養犬的證據，在大約公元前3000年的古巴比倫的畫中也出現了鬥牛獒犬，其體形和外貌特征與大白熊犬很類似。

在歐洲，大白熊犬一直生活在高山上，一直到中世紀。在卡拉卡森(Carcassone)發現了大白熊犬的浮雕，畫的是大白熊犬作為法國皇家的守衛犬，大約17世紀作為宮廷犬的500年前。大約在17世紀大白熊犬被用做宮廷的守衛犬。早在1407年，曆史學家Bourdet就描述了封建領主飼養大白熊犬作為守衛犬，大白熊犬與警衛一起看守着城堡。大白熊犬也在監獄中與看守一起值勤。1675年，法國皇太子在慕·德·茫頓陪伴下出訪巴蘭瑞治，在巴蘭瑞冶時，皇太子非常喜歡比利牛斯牧羊犬，并将它帶回了盧浮宮。那時有一位叫陸弗斯的侯爵也很喜歡這種犬，從那以後，大白熊犬成了貴族們的寵物犬。每個貴族都想擁有一頭這樣的犬，大白熊犬也變得非常知名。

在高山地區的草原上，大白熊犬形成了忠實、善于守護和善于理解人們意圖的特性，在許多動物尚未被馴養的時候，大白熊犬已經是官方的牧羊犬了，大白熊犬有着靈敏的嗅覺和視覺，是非常好的牧羊犬。由于全身被複厚厚的長毛(除了下颌與腦部)，身體其他部位很難被攻擊。另外，犬的主人給大白熊犬帶上了鐵制的寬項圈，上面有2.5厘米長的突出鐵釘，這使得大白熊犬更不怕被攻擊。在獵狼和獵熊中，大白熊犬成為著名的獵狼犬和獵熊犬。

對于紐芬蘭和比斯開灣的漁民來說，沒有一種犬比大白熊犬更适宜做他們的保護者和朋友了。早在1662年，當漁民在諾哥諾斯特定居時，大白熊犬成了他們的好朋友。在這裡，人們将大白熊犬與英國定居者帶來的黑色英國獵犬雜交，這個雜交品種的犬即是紐芬蘭犬的祖先。古老的蘭西爾犬，有着黑白相間的被毛，這點與黑色的紐芬蘭犬不同，因為它有更多的斑塊和雜交品種的特征(盡管兩者在總體上十分相似)。

随着比利牛斯山的野牛大白熊犬的數量的減少，這個品種一度瀕臨滅絕。此外，歐洲大陸的養犬人直在搜尋這種犬，大量的大白熊犬從法國出口。但是由于一些運動員的努力和農夫們在冬季的農場中要用到大白熊犬，這種犬的數量才得以保持。今天，在大白熊犬的栖息地，這種犬又再度發展起來。大白熊犬除了幫助拉車，一般呆在戶外，而不在家裡。

直到1933年，美國養犬俱樂部承認大白熊犬，從此它為更多的人所認識。第一對被帶到美國的大白熊犬是1824年拉弗葉特帶給他的朋友斯肯納的。托弗葉特在他的書《犬與運動員》中寫道，當時斯肯納說，對經常有狼和吃羊的野犬出沒地區的生産羊毛的農場主來說，大白熊犬是非常有用的。之後，又有幾頭大白熊犬進口到美國，直到1933年，大白熊犬正式登陸美國。今天，每年在美國養犬俱樂部登記注冊的犬中，該犬始終在養犬俱樂部中排名前列。

犬種體型

大小：雄性大白熊犬肩高約27~32英寸、雌性大白熊犬肩高約25~29英寸。27英寸的雄性大白熊犬體重約100磅、

25英寸的雌性大白熊犬體重約85磅。體重與身體的整體尺寸及體質相稱。比例：肩高比體長（從馬肩隆到大腿後部<臀部>的距離）略短一些，比例為矩形的、身體協調的狗。

犬種頭部長度略大于高度、身體前後角度協調。體質：大白熊犬的身體為中型（不特别胖、也不特别瘦），在沒有觸摸其骨骼和肌肉時，容易被濃密的被毛所欺騙。與其體型及優雅的外貌相協調，充足的骨量和肌肉提供了平衡的身體結構。缺陷：大小-肩高小于下限或大于上限。體質-骨骼太重或太輕，影響身體結構的平衡。

大白熊犬正确的頭部和表情是這一品種的要點。對整體來說，頭部不顯得過于沉重。外觀呈楔形，頂部略圓。表情：表情文雅、聰明、沉默。眼睛：中等大小；杏仁形；略斜；顔色為豐富的深棕色；眼眶為黑色，眼睑緊貼眼球。耳朵：尺寸從小到中等都可以，V字形、尖端略圓，耳根與眼睛齊平，正常情況下耳朵下垂，平坦，緊貼頭部。大白熊犬有一個典型的現象是臉上部和下部的毛發的會合位置，正好是從外眼角到耳根這一線。腦袋和口吻：口吻長度與腦袋長度大緻相等。腦袋的長度和寬度大緻相等。口吻與腦袋的結合很平滑。面頰平坦。口吻在眼睛下方，豐滿。兩眼睛間有輕微的皺紋，沒有明顯的止部。眉骨稍微有點突出。上唇緊貼上颚并複蓋下唇。下颚結實。鼻鏡和嘴唇為黑色。牙齒：剪狀咬和比較理想，鉗狀咬和也可以接受。下颚門牙不能向後。缺陷：過于沉重的頭部；腦袋太窄或太小；表情狡猾；有明顯的止部；眼睑、嘴唇和鼻鏡缺少色素；眼睛圓、三角、眼睑松懈、眼睛小；上颚突出式咬和或下颚突出式咬和；歪嘴。

熊犬頸部

頸部：堅硬的肌肉配合中等長度，贅肉相當少。背線：背線水平。身軀：胸部寬度适中，肋骨支撐良好，卵形，胸深達到肘部。背和腰寬闊，連接結實，且略有褶皺。臀部略向下傾斜，尾根位于背平面以下。尾巴：尾骨有足夠的長度，延伸到飛節，尾巴有漂亮的羽狀飾毛。休息時，尾巴下垂，激動時，可能卷到後背（形成輪狀）。在展示時，尾巴的飾毛能形成“牧羊犬曲線”是非常重要的。行走時，尾巴可能卷到後背或下垂，這兩種情況都是允許的。缺陷：桶狀胸。

犬種前軀

肩部：肩膀向後傾斜放置，肌肉發達，隐藏在身軀裡。前臂與肩胛連接處的角度約為90度，前臂從與肩胛骨的結合處向後延伸到肘部這一段，決不能垂直于地面。肩胛骨與前臂骨的長度大緻相等。從地面到肘部的距離與從肘部到馬肩隆的距離大緻相等。前肢：前肢有充足的骨量和肌肉，與平衡的身體結構相稱。不論站立時還是行走時，肘部都貼近身體且筆直向後。從側面觀察，前肢正好位于馬肩隆以下位置，直且垂直于地面。從前面觀察，從肩經過肘部到腳腕呈一直線。前腳腕結實而靈活。兩條前肢各有一個狼爪。前足爪：圓形，緊湊，腳墊厚實，腳趾圓拱。

犬種後軀

後軀的角度與前軀類似。大白熊犬大腿：第一節大腿肌肉堅實，與骨盆成直角。第一節大腿與第二節大腿長度一緻，觀察輪廓可以發現第一節大腿與第二節大腿在後膝關節處成中等角度。後腳腕長度中等，當狗自然站立時，垂直于地面。從側面觀察，飛節角度适中。從後面觀察，後腿（從臀部到後腳腕）直且相互平行。後肢有足夠的骨量和肌肉，與平衡的身體結構相稱。每條後腿都有兩個狼爪。後足爪：後肢的腳尖略向外翻。這樣的後肢（牛肢）是這一品種所特有的，不是缺陷。足爪與前肢相同，圓形，緊湊，腳墊厚實，腳趾圓拱。缺陷：後肢有兩個狼爪。

犬種被毛

能抵禦任何氣候條件的被毛是由兩層毛組成的，披毛長、平坦、厚實，毛發粗硬，毛直或略呈波浪形；底毛濃密、纖細、棉絮狀。雄性頸部和肩部的毛發尤其濃密，形成圍脖或鬃毛。尾巴上較長的毛發形成羽狀飾毛。飾毛還延伸到前肢後面和大腿後面，形成“褲子”的效果。臉部和耳朵的毛發短而質地好。正确的被毛比毛量更為重要。缺陷：卷曲的被毛；直立的被毛（象薩摩犬）。

犬種顔色

白色或白色帶有灰色、紅褐色或不同深淺的茶色斑紋。不同大小的斑紋可以出現在耳朵、頭部（包括面具）、尾巴、及身體（很少的污迹）。底毛可以是白色或深色。上面描述的各種顔色和斑紋（位置）都是這一品種所特有的，沒有好壞之分。缺陷：披毛的斑紋超過身體的1/3。

犬種步态

大白熊犬的步态平穩而優雅，準确且保持直線，顯示出力量和敏捷。和諧的伸展和有力的驅動産生正确的步幅。速度增加時，足爪向身體中心線靠攏。輕松而有效的動作比速度更重要。

犬種氣質

大白熊犬的氣質和品格是非常重要的。在自然情況下，大白熊犬是自信、溫和及友善的。會在需要時保護他的領地、羊群或家庭，他通常顯得從容、沉着，具有耐心且寬容。他的意志非常堅強，獨立且略有保留，對他負責的人類或動物都很關心、忠誠，而且勇敢。

雖然，大白熊犬在比賽中有所保留，但明顯的羞怯、神經質、對人類有攻擊性都極不受歡迎，并屬于嚴重缺陷。

标準通過日期：1990年6月12 日

标準執行日期：1990年8月1日

大白熊犬(Great Pyrenees)AKC标準英文原版

Great Pyrenees Breed Standard

General Appearance

The Great Pyrenees dog conveys the distinct impression of elegance and unsurpassed beauty combined with great overall size and majesty. He has a white or principally white coat that may contain markings of badger, gray, or varying shades of tan. He possesses a keen intelligence and a kindly, while regal, expression. Exhibiting a unique elegance of bearing and movement, his soundness and coordination show unmistakably the purpose for which he has been bred, the strenuous work of guarding the flocks in all kinds of weather on the steep mountain slopes of the Pyrenees.

Size, Proportion, Substance

Size--The height at the withers ranges from 27 inches to 32 inches for dogs and from 25 inches to 29 inches for bitches. A 27 inch dog weighs about 100 pounds and a 25 inch bitch weighs about 85 pounds. Weight is in proportion to the overall size and structure. Proportion--The Great Pyrenees is a balanced dog with the height measured at the withers being somewhat less than the length of the body measured from the point of the shoulder to the rearmost projection of the upper thigh (buttocks). These proportions create a somewhat rectangular dog, slightly longer than it is tall. Front and rear angulation are balanced. Substance--The Great Pyrenees is a dog of medium substance whose coat deceives those who do not feel the bone and muscle. Commensurate with his size and impression of elegance there is sufficient bone and muscle to provide a balance with the frame. Faults--Size--Dogs and bitches under minimum size or over maximum size. Substance--Dogs too heavily boned or too lightly boned to be in balance with their frame.

Head

Correct head and expression are essential to the breed. The head is not heavy in proportion to the size of the dog. It is wedge shaped with a slightly rounded crown. Expression--The expression is elegant, intelligent and contemplative. Eyes--Medium sized, almond shaped, set slightly obliquely, rich dark brown. Eyelids are close fitting with black rims. Ears--Small to medium in size, V-shaped with rounded tips, set on at eye level, normally carried low, flat, and close to the head. There is a characteristic meeting of the hair of the upper and lower face which forms a line from the outer corner of the eye to the base of the ear. Skull and Muzzle--The muzzle is approximately equal in length to the back skull. The width and length of the skull are approximately equal. The muzzle blends smoothly with the skull. The cheeks are flat. There is sufficient fill under the eyes. A slight furrow exists between the eyes. There is no apparent stop. The boney eyebrow ridges are only slightly developed. Lips are tight fitting with the upper lip just covering the lower lip. There is a strong lower jaw. The nose and lips are black. Teeth--A scissor bite is preferred, but a level bite is acceptable. It is not unusual to see dropped (receding) lower central incisor teeth. Faults--Too heavy head (St. Bernard or Newfoundland-like). Too narrow or small skull. Foxy appearance. Presence of an apparent stop. Missing pigmentation on nose, eye rims, or lips. Eyelids round, triangular, loose or small. Overshot, undershot, wry mouth.

Neck, Topline, Body

Neck--Strongly muscled and of medium length, with minimal dewlap. Topline--The backline is level. Body--The chest is moderately broad. The rib cage is well sprung, oval in shape, and of sufficient depth to reach the elbows. Back and loin are broad and strongly coupled with some tuck-up. The croup is gently sloping with the tail set on just below the level of the back. Tail--The tailbones are of sufficient length to reach the hock. The tail is well plumed, carried low in repose and may be carried over the back, "making the wheel," when aroused. When present, a "shepherd's crook" at the end of the tail accentuates the plume. When gaiting, the tail may be carried either over the back or low. Both carriages are equally correct. Fault-- Barrel ribs.

Forequarters

Shoulders--The shoulders are well laid back, well muscled, and lie close to the body. The upper arm meets the shoulder blade at approximately a right angle. The upper arm angles backward from the point of the shoulder to the elbow and is never perpendicular to the ground. The length of the shoulder blade and the upper arm is approximately equal. The height from the ground to the elbow appears approximately equal to the height from the elbow to the withers. Forelegs--The legs are of sufficient bone and muscle to provide a balance with the frame. The elbows are close to the body and point directly to the rear when standing and gaiting. The forelegs, when viewed from the side, are located directly under the withers and are straight and vertical to the ground. The elbows, when viewed from the front, are set in a straight line from the point of shoulder to the wrist. Front pasterns are strong and flexible. Each foreleg carries a single dewclaw. Front Feet--Rounded, close-cupped, well padded, toes well arched.

Hindquarters

The angulation of the hindquarters is similar in degree to that of the forequarters. Thighs--Strongly muscular upper thighs extend from the pelvis at right angles. The upper thigh is the same length as the lower thigh, creating moderate stifle joint angulation when viewed in profile. The rear pastern (metatarsus) is of medium length and perpendicular to the ground as the dog stands naturally. This produces a moderate degree of angulation in the hock joint, when viewed from the side. The hindquarters from the hip to the rear pastern are straight and parallel, as viewed from the rear. The rear legs are of sufficient bone and muscle to provide a balance with the frame. Double dewclaws are located on each rear leg. Rear Feet--The rear feet have a structural tendency to toe out slightly. This breed characteristic is not to be confused with cow-hocks. The rear feet, like the forefeet, are rounded, close-cupped, well padded with toes well arched. Fault--Absence of double dewclaws on each rear leg.

Coat

The weather resistant double coat consists of a long, flat, thick, outer coat of coarse hair, straight or slightly undulating, and lying over a dense, fine, woolly undercoat. The coat is more profuse about the neck and shoulders where it forms a ruff or mane which is more pronounced in males. Longer hair on the tail forms a plume. There is feathering along the back of the front legs and along the back of the thighs, giving a "pantaloon" effect. The hair on the face and ears is shorter and of finer texture. Correctness of coat is more important than abundance of coat. Faults--Curly coat. Stand-off coat (Samoyed type).

Color

White or white with markings of gray, badger, reddish brown, or varying shades of tan. Markings of varying size may appear on the ears, head (including a full face mask), tail, and as a few body spots. The undercoat may be white or shaded. All of the above described colorings and locations are characteristic of the breed and equally correct. Fault--Outer coat markings covering more than one third of the body.

Gait

The Great Pyrenees moves smoothly and elegantly, true and straight ahead, exhibiting both power and agility. The stride is well balanced with good reach and strong drive. The legs tend to move toward the center line as speed increases. Ease and efficiency of movement are more important than speed.

Temperament

Character and temperament are of utmost importance. In nature, the Great Pyrenees is confident, gentle, and affectionate. While territorial and protective of his flock or family when necessary, his general demeanor is one of quiet composure, both patient and tolerant. He is strong willed, independent and somewhat reserved, yet attentive, fearless and loyal to his charges both human and animal.

Although the Great Pyrenees may appear reserved in the show ring, any sign of excessive shyness, nervousness, or aggression to humans is unacceptable and must be considered an extremely serious fault.

Approved June 12, 1990

Effective August 1, 1990

大白熊犬繁殖知識介紹：大白熊犬性格溫和友善，是很多寵物愛好者喜歡的大型犬之一，這裡為大家介紹的是大白熊的繁殖，它繁殖的方式可以分為雜種繁殖、近親繁殖、異系繁殖、系統繁殖。雌性大白熊犬長到8個月後開始發情，派多格寵物美容師提示大家，狗狗第一次發情時期适不适合交配繁殖的，等到第二次正常發情的時候便可以正常的交配了。

所謂的近親繁殖主要是讓血緣關系非常接近的雄犬雌犬交配繁殖代的方式。例如狗狗父母與子女之間相互交配。從醫學和優生的觀點考慮，近親繁殖的方式不宜鼓勵和普遍采用。但為了某種需要，近親繁殖确實是固定犬的基因的一種較好的手段。

大白熊犬雜種繁殖是由犬種完全不同的雄犬和雌犬交配繁殖的方式。這種方式主要是為了通過交配繁殖，而繁育出新的狗狗品種。但這種繁育研究并非一朝一夕的事情。在正常的繁育過程中不建議采用。然而為了某種研究和培育新品種，繁育學家也會進行雜種繁殖。

大白熊犬異系繁殖是讓雖屬于同一犬種，但卻是不同系統的雄犬與雌犬交配的方式。用此種方式繁殖時，因為是共通性較少，而且擁有不同遺傳因子的犬進行交配，較難獲得性質一緻、形态固定的小犬。

當然無論是處于什麼目的而選擇了不同的繁育方式。在大白熊犬正式交配繁殖的時候，主人狗應該給與細心周到的照顧。交配的原則是讓狗狗自由交配，主人從旁協助。而且為了确保大白熊犬的受精成功率，在狗狗發情的時候應該每隔一天就讓其交配一次。