概念
there be結構在英語裡是一種常見的特殊句子結構。它以引詞there(由副詞there變來)開首,後常接動詞be的各種形式,再後才是主語,主語之後又常有表地點和時間的狀語。它像是一種倒裝句,但又非倒裝句,因為這種“倒裝”已成為一種自然的詞序。這種結構中的there本身無詞義,其後的動詞be具有“存在”之意,所以是一實義動詞。
結構分析
1、there be結構表“存在”,have表“所有”,試比較:
There are several oak trees in the garden. 花園裡有好幾株橡樹。(主語是oak trees)
There’s a telephone in every room.每一個房間都有一部電話。(強調客觀存在)
2、句首的there如重讀,則非引詞,而是副詞,試比較:
There is the book 1 want.那兒就是我所要的書。(there是副詞,有詞義)
There are some books 1 want.有一些我所要的書。(there是引詞,無詞義)
3、在there be結構中,be之後加上not或no,即變成否定句,如:
There is not much doubt about his guilt.對他的罪行沒有多少懷疑。
There is not much life in a small country village.一座小村莊沒有多少生氣。
4、變為疑問句時,須把be移至there之前,如:
Are there any children in the room?房間裡有小孩嗎?
Is there anything for me to do?有什麼事需要我做?
5、there be結構中的動詞be與主語的數必須一緻,但主語如是一系列事物,第一個事物為單形可數名詞,謂語動詞則可用單數形式,如:
There is a textbook, a dictionary and some notebooks on the desk.
桌上有一本教科書、一本字典和幾本筆記。
有時說話人先說出了there is(was),然後才想到要用複形名詞,如:
There’s some things I can’t resist.有些事物我是不抗拒的。
6、強調主語時,亦可将主語移至句首,如:
Men there are yet living who have seen him.見過他的人有的還活着哩。
慣用句型
1. There is no doing 結構。其意為“不可能…”、“無法…”:
There’s no denying the fact.這一事實不容否認。
2. There is no difficulty in doing sth結構。意為“做某事沒有困難”:
There is no difficulty in finding his office.找到了他的辦公室沒費一點勁。
3. There’s no doubt…結構。意為“毫無疑問…”:
There could be no doubt that he was one of the best writer in this country.毫無疑問他是這個國家最優秀的作家之一。
4. There is no hurry (to do sth)句式。其意為“不用急(于做某事)”:
There’s no hurry, so do it slowly and carefully.不用趕時間,要慢慢細心地做。
5.There’s no need for…結構。其意為“不需要或不必要…”:
There is no need for help.不需要幫助。
6. There is no question about...結構。其意為“…是毫無疑問的”:
There’s no question about his success.毫無疑問他會成功。
7. There is no question of doing sth 句式。其意為“做某事是不可能的”:
There is no question of his coming. 他不可能會來。
8. There is no sense in doing sth 結構。意為“做某事沒有道理或好處”:
There’s no sense in waiting three hours.等三小時是不沒有道理的。
9. There’s no point in doing sth 句式。意為“做某事沒有用”:
There’s no point (in) telling her about is.告訴她沒有用。
【注】以上有的結構中的no根據情況也可換成其他限定詞:
There is some difficulty in doing sth意為“做某事有些困難”。
There is much difficulty in doing sth意為“做某事許多困難”。
There’s a need for…意為“需要或有必要…”。
時态用法
一、there be句式的時态由其中的謂語動詞be來體現,它可以有多種時态形式:
1一般現在時
There is still room for improvement.還有改進餘地。
There is nothing to be done now.現在沒有辦法了。
2、一般将來時
There’s going to be trouble.要出事了。
There will be rain next week.下星期要下雨。
3、一般過去時
There was a lot to be done.有很多事要做。
There wasn’t any change in him.他沒有什麼變化。
4、現在完成時
There have been a lot of inquiries.提出的詢問有很多。
There have been a lot of enquiries.進行過許多調查。
5、過去完成時
There had been many such occasions.曾有許多這種情況。
There had been two sea fights between them.他們之間發生了兩場海戰。
6、過去将來時
There would be endless rows if I was at home.如果我在家會有吵不完的架。
Then there would be a plebiscite.那麼就會舉行公民投票。
相關語法
一、“there—存在句”中的謂語動詞
1.其謂語動詞主要是be的限定形式,即be的一般現在時,一般過去時,現在完成時或過去完成時。例如:
①There will be an English evening in the institute this coming Saturday.本周六學院裡有英語晚會。
②There has been much talk about the matter.關于這件事有過很多座談。
2.謂語動詞也可以是表示“預見”、“可能”、“必然”或過去習慣存在的情态動詞+不定式(包括完成體形式)。例如:
①There might still be some vacant seats for you.可能還有空位子給你們坐。
②There must be no more time wasted. 再不能浪費時間了。
3.除be以外,某些表示存在概念的不及物動詞,如:exist, remain, happen, occur, come, rise, stand, lie, live等,也能用于“there—存在句”。有時謂語動詞也可用seem to be, happen to be, be likely to be, be bound to be等詞組。例如:
①There always exists a force of attraction between two bodies.兩個物體之間永遠存在着吸引力。
②There remains nothing more to be done. 再沒有别的辦法了。
二、“there—存在句”的非限定形式
“there—存在句”的非限定形式是there to be和there being結構,其使用場合決定于其在句中所作的成分。
1.作賓語
作賓語時,通常用there to be結構。類似這樣用的及物動詞數量有限,常見的有:expect, mean, intend, want, like, prefer, hate等。例如:
①I’d like there to be a swimming-pool in the garden. 我希望花園裡有個遊泳池。
②The students expected there to be another opportunity to do the experiment. 學生們希望再有機會做實驗。
2.作主語和狀語時,使用there being結構。例如:
①There being a bus stop near the house is a great advantage. 公共汽車站離得這麼近,是個很有利的條件。
②There having been no further business, I declared the meeting closed. 由于沒有其它事情,我宣布散會。
3.作介詞補足成分
兩種結構都可以作補足成分。如果介詞是for,便隻能使用there to be結構;如果介詞不是for,則要用there being結構。例如:
①For there to be life, there must be air and water. 要有生命,就必須有空氣和水。
②There is now some hope of there being a settlement of the dispute. 現在多少有解決争端的希望了。
三、“there—存在句”在there引導的反意疑問句中,反意疑問句仍用引導詞there。例如:
There were once a million people in the city, weren’t there? 這個城市曾一度有一百萬居民,對嗎?
但注意不要與表示“地點”there引導的句子相混淆,如果there在句中表示地點,則根據主語的性、數選擇相應的代詞形式作其反意疑問句的主語,例如:
There comes the bus, doesn’t it? 汽車來了,是嗎?
1.“there—存在句”結構作定語從句時,通常省略作從句主語的關系代詞。例如:
①He has made a list of all the papers (which) there are on this subject.他将将所有關于這個題目的論文列了一個單子。
②Kent is supposed to be a gifted footballer (that) there has ever been.人們認為肯特是一名少有的天才運動員。
2.在以 “there be” 開頭的句子中,主語的定語從句有時省略關系代詞。一般來講,按照語法規則,在定語從句中充當主語的關系代詞是不能省略的,但在存在句型中的定語從句卻是個例外,尤其在口語中。例如:
①There is a man downstairs [ ] wants to see you. 樓下有人要見你。
②There is a table [ ] stands in the corner. 牆角放着一張桌子。
there be結構的分析與理解
■there be結構在英語裡是一種常見的特殊句子結構。它以引詞there(由副詞there變來)開首,後常接動詞be的各種形式,再後才是主語,主語之後又常有表地點和時間的狀語。它像是一種倒裝句,但又非倒裝句,因為這種“倒裝”已成為一種自然的詞序。這種結構中的there本身無詞義,其後的動詞be具有“存在”之意,所以是一實義動詞。
■基本用例:
There is a garden behind the house. 房子後面有一座花園。
There is nothing but clothing in this cupboard. 這個櫃子裡隻有衣服。
There is a telephone box on the comer. 在拐彎處有一個電話間。
If there is any problem, let me know. 如果有什麼問題可以通知我。
There is only one person I could approach. 隻有一個人我可以去找。
There is little difference between the two words. 這兩個字沒有什麼差别。
注意下面一句:
There was a dog there. 那裡有一條狗。
There is a bus-stop just there. 那裡就有公共汽車站。
句中第一個there是引詞,無詞義;第二個there是副詞,有詞義。
■there be結構表“存在”,have表“所有”,試比較:
There are several oak trees in the garden. 花園裡有好幾株橡樹。(主語是oak trees)
They have several oak trees in the garden. 他們在花園裡種有好幾株橡樹。(主語是they)
There’s a telephone in every room. 每一個房間都有一部電話。(強調客觀存在)
Every room has a telephone. 每一個房間有電話。(強調電話是每個房間的一固有部分)
■句首的there如重讀,則非引詞,而是副詞,試比較:
There is the book 1 want. 那兒就是我所要的書。(there是副詞,有詞義)
There are some books 1 want. 有一些我所要的書。(there是引詞,無詞義)
■在there be結構中,be之後加上not或no, 即變成否定句,如:
There is no great difficulty. 沒有大的困難。
There is no need to worry. 沒有必要發愁。
There is not much doubt about his guilt. 對他的罪行沒有多少懷疑。
There is not much life in a small country village. 一座小村莊沒有多少生氣。
■變為疑問句時,須把be移至there之前,如:
Are there any children in the room? 房間裡有小孩嗎?
Are there any boys in your group? 你們小組中有男生嗎?
Is there anything for me to do? 有什麼事需要我做?
Is there a doctor available? 能請到醫生嗎?
■there be結構中的動詞be與主語的數必須一緻,但主語如是一系列事物,第一個事物為單形可數名詞,謂語動詞則可用單數形式,如:
There is a textbook, a dictionary and some notebooks on the desk. 桌上有一本教科書、一本字典和幾本筆記。
有時說話人先說出了there is(was),然後才想到要用複形名詞,如:
There’s some things I can’t resist. 有些事物我是不抗拒的。
There’s hundreds of people on the waiting list. 登記排隊的人有好幾百。
■強調主語時,亦可将主語移至句首,如:
Men there are yet living who have seen him. 見過他的人有的還活着哩。