構成
1．規則動詞：規則動詞的過去分詞的構成規則
與規則動詞的過去式的構成規則相同。四點變化規則：
(1)、一般動詞，在詞尾直接加“ed”。（然而要注意的是，過去分詞并不是過去式）
work---worked---worked,visit---visited---visited
(2)、以發音的“e”結尾的動詞，隻在詞尾加“d”。
live---lived---lived
(3)、以“輔音字母+y”結尾的動詞，将"y"變為"i"，再加“ed”。
study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried,try---tried---tried,fry---fried---fried.
(4)、重讀閉音節結尾，末尾隻有一個輔音
字母，先雙寫該輔音字母，再加“ed”。
stop---stopped---stopped,drop---dropped--dropped】
(5)、以ic結尾的動詞，要把ic變成ick再加ed，如picnic→picnicked，traffic→trafficked
2、不規則動詞，見不規則表
一、過去分詞作表語
The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains.這座城市三面環山.
【注意】過去分詞作表語與被動語态的區别:過去分詞作表語,主要是表示主語的狀态,而被動語态則表示動作.
(1)The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday.茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被動語态,表示動作)
(2)The library is now closed.圖書館關門了.(過去分詞作表語)
【注意】過去分詞表示被動或完成,-ing形式表示主動或進行.有些動詞如interest,bore,worry,surprise,frighten等通常用其過去分詞形式來修飾人,用-ing形式來修飾物.
(3)The book is interesting and I'm interested in it.這本書很有趣,我對它很感興趣.
二、過去分詞作定語
作定語用的過去分詞相當于形容詞,其邏輯主語就是它所修飾的名詞.及物動詞的過去分詞作定語,既表被動又表完成;不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語,隻表完成.
1.過去分詞用作定語,如果是單個的,常置于其所修飾的名詞之前.
We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions.我們必須使我們的思想适應改變了的情況.
2.過去分詞短語用作定語時,一般置于其所修飾的名詞之後,其意義相當于一個定語從句,但較從句簡潔,多用于書面語中.
The concert given by their friends was a success.他們朋友舉行的音樂會大為成功.
3.過去分詞短語有時也可用作非限制性定語,前後常有逗号.
The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero.他們舉行了歡迎英雄的大會,到會的有五千多人.
4.用來修飾人的過去分詞有時可以轉移到修飾非人的事物,這種過去分詞在形式上雖不直接修飾人,但它所修飾的事物仍與人直接有關.
The boy looked up with a pleased expression.男孩帶着滿意的表情舉目而視.
三、過去分詞作狀語
1.過去分詞作狀語過去分詞作狀語表示被動的和完成的動作.
(1)Written in a hurry, this article was not so good!因為寫得匆忙,這篇文章不是很好.
【注意】written為過去分詞作狀語,表示這篇文章是被寫的,而且已經被寫.值得注意的是,有些過去分詞因來源于系表結構,作狀語時不表被動而表主動.這樣的過去分詞及短語常見的有:lost(迷路);seated(坐);hidden(躲);stationed(駐紮);lost/absorbed in(沉溺于); born(出身于);dressed in(穿着);tired of(厭煩).
(2)Lost/Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.因為沉溺于思考之中,所以他沒聽到那個聲音.
2.過去分詞作狀語時其邏輯主語為主句的主語,此時應注意人稱一緻.
(1)Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.
再給我一個小時,我也能解這道題.(given為過去分詞作狀語,它的邏輯主語為主句主語I,即I被再給一個小時.)
(2)Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us.
從山頂看城市,城市顯得更漂亮.(seen為過去分詞作狀語,表"被看",由語境可知,它的邏輯主語必須是城市,而不是"我們",因為"我們"應主動看城市.)
【注意】如果過去分詞作狀語時,前面再加邏輯主語,主句的主語就不再是分詞的邏輯主語,這種帶邏輯主語的過去分詞結構實際上屬于獨立主格結構.
(1) The signal given, the bus started.信号一發出,汽車就開動了.the signal是given的邏輯主語,因此主句主語the bus就不是given的邏輯主語.
(2)Her head held high, she went by.她把頭昂得高高地從這兒走了過去.(her head是held high的邏輯主語,因此主句主語she就不再是held high的邏輯主語.)
3.過去分詞作狀語來源于狀語從句.
(1)Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.因為淋了一場大雨,所以他全身濕透了.(caught in a heavy rain 為過去分詞短語作原因狀語,它來源于原因狀語從句 Because he was caught in a heavy rain.)
(2)Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.如果種在肥沃的土壤裡,這些種子能長得很快.(grown in rich soil為過去分詞作條件狀語,它來源于條件狀語從句If these seeds are grown in rich soil.
【注意】狀語從句改成過去分詞作狀語時有時還可保留連詞,構成"連詞+過去分詞"結構作狀語.
When given a medical examination, you should keep calm.當你做體格檢查時要保持鎮定.
4.過去分詞作狀語的位置.過去分詞可放在主句前作句首狀語,後面有逗号與主句隔開;也可放在主句後面,前面有逗号與主句隔開.
He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently.他靜靜地站在那裡,被感動得熱淚盈眶.
四、過去分詞作賓語補足語
(一)能夠接過去分詞作賓補的動詞有以下三類:
1.表示感覺或心理狀态的動詞.如:see,watch,observe,look at,hear,listen to,feel,notice,think等.
(1)I heard the song sung in English.我聽到有人用英語唱過這首歌.(過去分詞sung的動作顯然先于謂語動作heard;)
(2)He found his hometown greatlychanged.他發現他的家鄉變化很大.(過去分詞changed的動作顯然先于謂語動作found)
2.表示"緻使"意義的動詞.如:have,make,get,keep,leave等.
(1)I'll have my hair cut tomorrow.明天我要理發.
(2)He got his tooth pulled out yesterday.他昨天把牙拔了.
(3)Don't leave those things undone.要把那些事情做完.
【注意】過去分詞所表示的動作一定和賓語有邏輯上的動賓關系.
(二)使役動詞have接過去分詞作賓補有兩種情況.
1.過去分詞所表示的動作由他人完成.
He had his money stolen.他的錢給偷了.(被别人偷去了)
2.過去分詞所表示的動作由句中的主語所經曆.如:He had his leg broken.他的腿斷了.(自己的經曆)
五、"with+賓語+過去分詞"結構
此結構中,過去分詞用作介詞with的賓語補足語.這一結構通常在句中作時間,方式,條件,原因等狀語.
(1)The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.兇手被帶進來了,他的雙手被綁在背後.(表方式)
(2)With water heated, we can see the steam.水一被加熱,我們就會看到水蒸氣.(表條件)
(3)With the matter settled, we all went home.事情得到解決,我們都回家了.(表原因)
(4)She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face.她站在他面前,眼睛注視着他.
(5)He stood for an instant with his hand still raised.他仍然舉着手站了一會兒.
過去分詞的結構
1.過去分詞獨立結構
過去分詞有時可有其獨立主語，二者構成一種獨立分詞結構。過去分詞獨立結構多用于書面語中，常用作狀語，用來表示時間、條件、原因、伴随情況等。如：
He rushed into the room，his face covered with sweat.
他滿臉是汗跑進屋來。(表伴随)
This done，we went home.
做完此事，我們就回家了。（表時間）
All our savings gone，the couple started looking for jobs.
積蓄全部用完了，這對夫妻就開始找工作。（表原因）
That point settled，the speaker went on to the next one.
那個問題講完了，演講人繼續講下一個問題。（表時間）
2.with/without+賓語+過去分詞表示伴随情況的獨立結構
With everything taken into consideration,we all think this is a very good plan.
每件事都考慮到了，我們都認為這是一項不錯的計劃。
With different methods used，different results are obtained.
采用不同的方法，得到不同的結果。
She went angrily away without a word spoken.
她一個字也沒說，就生氣地走了。
3.過去分詞（短語）作賓語補足語
(1)過去分詞（短語）在感官動詞和使役動詞等之後作賓語補足語，這些詞語有：have讓，使keep使處于某狀态get使得
see看見hear聽見find發現
feel感覺到leave使處于某狀态make使
want想要start引起notice注意
observe觀察watch注視set使處于某狀态
如：
The work left him exhausted.
這個活使得他筋疲力盡。
The doorkeeper heard the chain and bolts withdrawn.
看門人聽見門上的鍊和拴被拉開了。
The tenant found the house renovated.
房客看到房子已整修過了。
It’s better to leave some things unsaid.
有些事倒是不說的好。
I don’t want my name linked with him.
我不要把我的名字和他聯系在一起。
The person concerned should like this matter settled immediately.
當事人希望此事立刻得到解決。
(2)過去分詞（短語）在使役動詞get或have之後作賓語補足語，表示的動作往往是由别人完成的。如：
I had my car repaired
我把我的車修好了。（别人修的）
I had my hair cut
我理發了。（别人給我理的）
We must get the television set repaired
我們必須把電視機修好。（被别人修）
He had his window broken to pieces.
他的窗戶給打破了。（被他人打破）
不規則變化
AAA型
即原形、過去式和過去分詞三者都相同。（共10個）
cost—cost—cost cut—cut—cut hit—hit—hit hurt—hurt—hurt let—let—let put—put—put read—read—read(read的原形和過去式、過去分詞讀音不同)set-set-set shut-shut-shut
ABB型
過去式、過去分詞相同。（共41個）
1．過去式和過去分詞都含有-ought。（4個）
bring—brought—brought buy—bought—bought think—thought—thought fight-fought-fought
2．詞尾有-ild，-end時，隻需把d變為t。（4個）
build—built—built lend—lent— lent send—sent—sent spend—spent— spent
3．過去式、過去分詞都含有 -aught。（2個）
catch—caught—caught teach—taught—taught
4．把-eep、-eel變為-ept、-elt。（4個）
keep—kept—kept sleep—slept—slept sweep— swept—swept feel—felt— felt
5．把-ell變為-old。（2個）
tell—told—told sell—sold—sold
6．把-ell、-ill變為-elt或-ilt。（3個）
smell—smelt—smelt spell—spelt—spelt spill—spilt—spilt
7．把-eed、-ead、-eet變為-ed或-et。（4個）
feed-fed-fed lead-led-led speed-sped-sped meet-met-met
8．過去式、過去分詞都在原形詞尾加t。（5個）
learn—learnt—learnt mean—meant—meant spoil—spoilt—spoilt burn—burnt—burnt dream—dreamt—dreamt
9．過去式、過去分詞詞尾去y變-id（4個）
say—said—said pay—paid—paid lay—laid—laid hear—heard—heard
10．改變元音字母。（12個）
meet—met—met feed-fed-fed get—got—got sit—sat—sat find—found—found hold—held—held spit—spat—spat shine—shone—shone win—won—won hang—hung—hung dig— dug—dug lose—lost—lost
11．改變輔音字母。（4個）
make—made—made build-built-built send-sent-sent spend-spent-spent
12．改變元、輔音字母。（4個）
leave—left—left stand—stood—stood have（has）— had—had understand—understood—understood
ABC型
原形、過去式、過去分詞都不相同。（共37個）
1．i—a—u變化。（7個）
begin—began—begun drink—drank—drunk sing— sang—sung ring—rang—rung swim—swam—swum sink— sank—sunk spring-sprang-sprung
2．詞尾為-ow，-aw時，過去式将其變為-ew，過去分詞在其原形後加n。（5個）
blow—blew—blown draw—drew—drawn grow— grew—grown know—knew—known throw—threw—thrown（show除外）
3．詞尾為“i+輔（1個）+e”，過去式将i變為o，過去分詞多在原形後加n，若那個輔音字母為d或t，須雙寫d或t後加n。（4個）（give，hide除外）
drive—drove—driven write—wrote—written ride— rode—ridden rise—rose—risen
4．過去分詞在過去式後加n。（1個）
wake—woke—woken
5．過去分詞由過去式加-ten構成。（2個）
get-got-gotten/got forget—forgot—forgotten
6．過去分詞由原形加（e）n構成。（6個）
be—was（were）—been eat—ate—eaten fall—fell—fallen give—gave—given see—saw—seen hide—hid—hidden（hid）
7．詞尾為-ake時，過去式将其變為-ook，過去分詞在原形詞後加-n。（2個）
take—took—taken mistake—mistook—mistaken
8．原形、過去式和過去分詞都不相同。（6個）
do—did—done fly—flew—flown go—went—gone lie—lay—lain show—showed—shown wear—wore—worn
9．詞尾為-eak時，過去式将其變為-oke，過去分詞在過去式後加-n。（2個）
break—broke—broken speak—spoke—spoken
10．詞中間為“oo+輔（1個）+e”或“ee+輔（1個）+e”，過去式将oo、ee變為o，過去分詞在過去式後加-n。（2個）
choose—chose—chosen freeze—froze—frozen
AAB型
過去式和原形相同。（1個）
beat—beat—beaten
ABA型
過去分詞和原形相同。（3個）
1.詞中間為“o+輔（1個）+e”時，過去式将o變為a。（2個）
come—came—come become—became—become
2.u—a—u變化。（1個）
run— ran—run
情态動詞型
(除must)
隻有原形和過去式，沒有過去分詞。（4個）
can—could may—might will—would shall—should must 既沒有過去式也沒有過去分詞
常用過去分詞
begin（開始）began begun
drink（喝）drank drunk
ring（鈴響）rang rung
sing（唱）sang sung
swim（遊泳）swam swum
blow（吹）blew blown
draw（畫）drew drawn
fly（飛）flew flown
grow（生長）grew grown
know（知道）knew known
throw（投擲）threw thrown
show（出示）showed shown
break（打破）broke broken
choose（選擇）chose chosen
forget（忘記）forgot forgotten (forgot)
speak（說，講）spoke spoken
wake（醒）woke woken
drive（駕駛）drove drive
eat（吃）ate eaten
fall（落下）fell fallen
give（給）gave given
rise（升高）rose risen
take（取）took taken
ride（騎）rode ridden
write（寫）wrote written
do（做）did done
go（去）went gone
lie（平躺）lay lain
see（看見）saw seen
wear（穿）wore worn
不規則的動詞
cost（花費）cost cost
cut（割）cut cut
hit（打）hit hit
hurt（傷害）hurt hurt
let（讓）let let
put（放）put put
read（讀）read read
其他特殊情況
動詞原形過去式過去分詞[2]
arise arose arisen
awake awoke/awaked awoken
be was/were been
bear bore borne(攜帶)/born(出生)
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
befall befell befallen
bend bent bent
bet bet bet
bind bound bound
bite bit bitten/bit
bleed bled bled
blend blended blent
bless blessed blest
blow blew blown
break broke broken
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
broadcast broadcast/broadcasted broadcast/broadcasted
build built built
burn burnt/burned burnt/burned
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
cast cast cast
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
cleave clove/cleft cloven/cleft
cling clung clung
clothe clothed/clad clothed/clad
come came come
cost cost cost
creep crept crept
crow crowed/crew crowed
cut cut cut
dare dared/durst dared
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
dwell dwelt dwelt
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
flee fled fled
fling flung flung
fly flew flown
forbid forbade/forbad forbidden
forecast forecast/forecasted forecast/forecasted
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen
gainsay gainsaid gainsaid
get got gotten
gild gilded/gilt gilded
gird girded/girt girded/girt
give gave given
go went gone
grave graved graven/graved
grind ground ground
grow grew grown
hang hung/hanged hung/hanged
have had had
hear heard heard
heave heaved/hove hesved/hove
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
kneel knelt knelt
know knew known
lade laded laden
lay laid laid
lead led led
lean leant/leaned leant/leaned
leap leapt/leaped leapt/leaped
learn learnt/learned learnt/learned
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie(躺)lay lain
lie(撒謊)lied lied
light lit/lighted lit/lighted
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
melt melted meited/molten
mistake mistook mistaken
misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood
outgrow outgrew outgrown
overcome overcame overcome
oversee oversaw overseen
pay paid paid
prove proved proved/proven
put put put
quit quitted/quit quitted/quit
read read read
rend rent rent
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
rive rived riven/rived
run ran run
saw sawed sawn/sawed
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
sew sewed sewn/sewed
shake shook shaken
shave shaved shaved/shaven
shear sheared sheared/shorn
shed shed shed
shine shone shone
shoe shod shod
shoot shot shot
show showed shown/showed
shrink shrank/shrunk shrunk/shrunken
shrive shrove/shrived shriven/shrived
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sink sank/sunk sunk/sunken
sit sat sat
slay slew slain
sleep slept slept
slide slid slid
sling slung slung
slink slunk slunk
slit slit slit
smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled
smite smote smitten
sow sowed sown/sowed
speak spoke spoken
speed sped/speeded sped/speeded
spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled
spend spent spent
spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled
spin spun/span spun
spit spat/spit spat/spit
spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled
spread spread spread
spring sprang/sprung sprung
stand stood stood
stave staved/stove staved/stove
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
swear swore sworn
sweep swept swept
swell swelled swollen/swelled
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
thrust thrust thrust
tread trod trodden/trod
upset upset upset
wake woke/waked woken/waked
wear wore worn
weave wove woven
weep wept wept
win won won
wind wound wound
work worked/wrought worked/wrought
wring wrung wrung
write wrote written
