元音字母開音節和閉音節中的讀音
a
①在開音節中/eɪ/name,plane,Jane,baby,cake
②在閉音節中/æ/bag,dad,hat,map,black,back
e
①在開音節中/i:/he,these,me,Chinese
②在閉音節中/e/bed,let,pen,desk,yes,egg
i
①在開音節中/aɪ/bike,drive,time,nice,kite
②在閉音節中/ɪ/fish,big,drink,sit,milk,swim
o
①在開音節中/əʊ/those,close,go,hoe,home,no
②在閉音節中/ɒ/clock,not,box,shop,sock
u
①在開音節中
i./ju:/student,excuse,duty,Tuesday
ii.元音字母u在輔音字母j,l,r,s後面時讀/u:/音,例如:June,blue,ruler,super。
②在閉音節中/ʌ/bus,cup,jump,much,lunch
元音字母在重讀音節中的特殊讀音
a
①在/w/音後面/ɒ/want,what,watch,wash,quality
②在f,n,sk,ph,sp,ss,st,th前/α:/after,plant,ask,grasp,glass,fast,father
i
在-nd,-ld和gh前/aɪ/find,child,light,high
o
①在-st,-ld前/əʊ/most,postcard,old,cold
②在m,n,v,th前/ʌ/come,monkey,love,mother
元音字母在非重讀音節中的讀音
a
/ə/China,another,woman,breakfast
動詞中的a如果處在開音節位置,a讀/eɪ/音,例如:operate,a處在開音節位置
e
/ə/hundred,student,open,weekend,chicken,children
i
①/ɪ/holiday,beautiful,family,animal
②/aɪ/exercise,satellite
o
①/ə/second,tonight,somebody,welcome
②/əʊ/also,zero,photo
u
①/ə/autumn,difficult
②/ju:/popular,congratulation,January
③在輔音字母j,l,r,s後面時,讀/ʊ/或/u:/音,例如:July,influence,February,issue。
在非重讀音節中,許多單詞中的元音字母a,e,i既可以讀/ə/的音,也可以讀/ɪ/的音。
-r音節元音字組在重讀音節中的讀音
ar
①/α:/car,farm,dark,sharpener
②在/w/音後面/ɔ:/warm,quarter,towards
or
①/ɔ:/forty morning short
②/ɜ:/word worker worse
er,ir,ur
/ɜ:/certainly bird Thursday
注:①輔音字母r雙寫時,前面的元音字母不能與r構成-r音節,而是按重讀閉音節的拼讀規則發音。例如:carry,sorry,hurry。②-r音節在非重讀音節中通常讀/ə/音,例如:dollar,teacher,martyr,forget,Saturday。
-re音節元音字組在重讀音節中的讀音
are
/eə/care,dare,hare
ere
/ɪə/here,mere
ire
/aɪə/fire,hire,wire
ore
/ɔ:/more,score,before
ure
/jʊə/pure,cure
-re
/ə/centre,fibre,titre,meagre,saltpetre
注
①are,ere,ire,ore很少出現在非重讀音節中,ure在非重讀音節中讀/ə/音,例如:picture,pleasure。
②重讀元音字母加r,再加非重讀元字組時,重讀元音字母應按-re音節拼讀規則拼讀,字母r讀/r/音。例如:parent,zero,story,during,inspiring。
③另外,某些常用詞及多音節詞經常出現長音短化現象。例如:orange,very,American,paragraph。
元音字組在重讀音節中的讀音
ai,ay
/eɪ/afraid,rain,wait,day,play
air
/eə/air,hair,chair,pair,repair
al
①在l,k前/ɔ:/small,ball,talk,wall,all,talk,
②/ɔ:l/always,also,salt,almost
③在f,m前/α:/half,calm
au,aw
/ɔ:/autumn,daughter,draw
ea
①/i:/teach,easy,cheap,please
②/e/heavy,bread,sweater,weather
③/eɪ/break,great
ear
①/ɪə/hear,dear,near,clear,year
②/eə/bear,pear,wear,swear
③/ɜ:/earth,learn,early
ee
/i:/jeep,week,green,three
eer
/ɪə/pioneer,deer,beer
ei,ey
①/eɪ/eight,neighbour,they
②/i:/seize,key
eu,ew
①在j,l,r,s後/ju:/new,few,newspaper
②/u:/flew,brew,jewelry
ie,ei
/s/音之後/i:/piece,field,receive
oa
/əʊ/coat,joan,boat,goal
oar,oor
/ɔ:/roar,board,door,floor
oi,oy
/ɔɪ/noise,point,boy,toilet
oo
/u:/broom,food,tooth,school,zoo
/ʊ/book,look,cook,foot,good,football
ou,ow
①/aʊ/flower,house,count,down
②/əʊ/know,row,throw,though
③/ʌ/young,country,enough
④/u:/group,soup
our
①/ɔ:/course,your,four
②/aʊə/our,hour,sour
③/ɜ:/journey
oul
/ʊ/would,should,could(主要是情态動詞、助動詞)
ui
①在j,l,r,s後/ju:ɪ/fluid,suicide,tuition
②/u:/juice,fruit,suit
非重讀音節中元音字組和字群的讀音
ai,ay,ei,ey
/ɪ/foreign,monkey
ow
/əʊ/yellow,sparrow,tomorrow
注:元音字組在非重讀音節中通常讀/ə/音或/ɪ/音。例如:serious,famous,biscuit,coffee,neighbour
-sion,-tion
①/ʃən/impression,nation
②在元音字母後/ʒən/vision,decision,occasion
③在s後/tʃən/question,suggestion
-isle
/aɪl/aisle,Carlisle
-sten
/sən/listen
-stle
/sl/whistle
-sure
/ʒə/pleasure,mea
-ture
/tʃə/picture,culture
元字組在複合詞非重讀音節中的讀音
複合詞中的第二部分不标注重音符号,但其中的元音字母或元音字組仍按重讀音節拼讀規則拼讀。
例如:everyday/eɪ/,handbag/æ/,blackboard/ɔ:/。有些詞随着語言的發展,前後兩部分已失去其單獨存在的意義,融合成一個詞。
其中的非重讀部分要按非重讀音節的讀音規則發音。例如:holy(神聖)+day/eɪ/(日子)=holiday/ɪ/(假日):break(中斷)+fast/α:/(齋戒)=breakfast/ə/(早餐);cup(茶杯)+board/ɔ:/(木闆)=cupboard/ə/(碗櫃)。
輔字組的讀音
b
①/b/bike,bus,bag
②/不發/bomb,tomb
c
①在e前或在i,y前/s/face,decide,cinema
②其他情況/k/cake,picture,coat,music
③/tʃ/cello
ch
①/tʃ/much,chick,rich,teacher
②/k/school,headache,chemistry(主要為希臘外來詞)
③/ʃ/machine,moustache(主要是法語外來詞)
-ck
[k]cock,pocket,black,knock
cz
[tʃ]Czech
d
/d/doctor,bread,hand,day
-dg(e)
/dʒ/bridge,fridge
dr-
/dr/children,driver,drink
ds
/dz/hands(主要用于可數名詞複數)
f
/f/five,four,breakfast
g
①/g/bag,garden,go
②/dʒ/orange,large,German
③/ʒ/genre,massage
gh
①/f/cough,enough
②/不發/light,daughter,high
gu-,-gue
①/g/guess,league,dialogue(-gue在非重讀音節中)
②/gw/language,anguish
h
①/h/hot,head,house,hand
②/不發/hour,honest
j
①/dʒ/jeep,jar,joke,join,June
②/ʒ/Jacques(用于法國人名)
③/h/Juanita(用于西班牙人名)
k
/k/kind,bike,skate,make,week
kn-
/n/knife,know,knock
l
①/l/life,lead,lot(出現在元音前面)
②/ɫ/milk,school,tall[出現在元音後面。可以出現在輔音前,也可出現在輔音後(詞尾)]
m
/m/monkey,come
-mn
/m/autumn,column,solemn
n
①/n/not,shine,ten,note
②在/k/、/g/音前/ŋ/uncle,thank,hungry
-ng
/ŋ/morning,young,wrong
p
/p/paper,plane,pig,ship,pen
ph
/f/elephant,photo,telephone,graph
q
/k/Iraq
qu-
/kw/quality,quite
r
/r/red,rubber,ruler
rz
/ʒ/ Zabrze(紮布熱)
s
①在詞首、清輔音前/s/sit,sleep,desk
②元音字母間或濁輔音前/z/music,husband
sc-
①/sk/scarlet
②/s/muscle,science
sch-
/ʃ/schedule/英′ʃedju:l,美′skedʒul/
sh
/ʃ/she,fish,shirt,wash
t
①/t/ten,letter,meet
②在弱讀字母ia,ie,io前/ʃ/patient,nation
tch
/tʃ/watch
th
①/θ/in,thirty,method
②/ð/the,these,with,than,clothe,father,weather(在冠詞、代詞、介詞、連詞中,以及在詞尾-the,-ther中
tr-
/tr/tree,train,country,truck
ts,tz
/ts/Tsingtao(青島),Tientsin(天津),pants(主要用于可數名詞複數)
quartz,Hertz/英hə:z,美hə:rts/(用于德國人名)
v
/v/very,voice,love,leave
w
①/w/week,win,wake,sweet,wait
②/不發/answer,two,sword
wh-
①/w/what,when,white,why
②在字母o前/h/who,whose,whole
wr-
/r/write
x
①在重讀元音前/ks/box,text,exercise
②/gz/example,exist,exact
③/z/xylophone
y
/j/yes,yard,yellow,young
z
①/z/puzzle,zero,zoo
②/ʒ/azure
③/ts/pizza Nazi(意大利、德國外來詞)
zh
/ʒ/zhoosh