形式
名詞變副詞
形容詞變副詞
運用方式
副詞連用順序
程度副詞+地點副詞+方式副詞+時間副詞。
功能
可以起到修飾或限制動詞或形容詞作用、表程度或範圍的詞語。
不同類别副詞
時間頻率副詞
主要表示“什麼時候”“經常與否”形容動作所做的次數或頻繁程度”
now,then,often,always,usually,next,after,lastday,already(已經),generally(一般地),
frequently(頻繁),seldom/hardly(很少的),ever,never,yet,soon,too, immediately(立即),
finally,shortly(很快), before, ago,sometimes, yesterday. once,twice,
lately,recently,personally,today……yet
地點副詞
表示地點與位置關系的副詞,用來說明動作是在什麼地方發生的。
here, there, everywhere, anywhere,somewhere, in, out, inside, outside,
above, below, up,down, back, forward(向前的), home,
upstairs(樓上的), downstairs, across, along, round , around,
near, off, past, up, away, on.……
方式副詞
carefully, properly(适當地), anxiously(焦慮地), suddenly, normally(正常地),
fast, well, calmly(冷靜地), politely(有禮貌地), proudly(自豪地), softly,
warmly ,slowly,badly,hard,bravely……
程度副詞
much,little, very,rather(相當),so,too,still, quite, perfectly(完美地),
enough, extremely(非常), entirely(整個),almost, slightly(細小地), hardly.……
疑問副詞
how, when, where, why……
關系副詞
when, where, why……
連接副詞
therefore(因此),moreover(此外),however,otherwise(另外的),
then,when ,where,how,why……
表順序的副詞
first,then,next,finally,afterwards,primarily……
完成時的副詞
already,ever,just,never,since,yet,recently……
副詞的用法
副詞在句中可作狀語,表語,補語,定語。
He works hard.(作狀語)
他努力工作。
You speak English very well. (作狀語)
你英語講得相當好。
Does she stay home? (作表語)
她待在家嗎?
[she stays home是主系表結構,stay 此處是系動詞, home是副詞]
Let's be out. (作表語)
讓我們出去吧。
Food here is hard to get.
(here作狀語,hard作表語)
補全句子Food( in )here is hard to get.所以主幹是food is hard(in here作狀語,對地點的限制,hard作表語,to get作補語)
這兒很難弄到食物。
Let him out!(作補語)
讓他出去!
.修飾名詞的副詞放在被修飾詞之後
a. The villagers there are busy getting in wheat.
位置
1) 多數副詞放在動詞後面,或者放在be動詞、助動詞或情态動詞之後,實義動詞之前。 如果實義動詞後有賓語,則放于賓語之後。
I am also Bush.
我也是布什。
I can also do that.
我也可以這樣做。
I also want to play that game.
我也想玩這遊戲。
I get up early in the morning every day.
每一天的早晨我都起得很早。
He has eaten enough.
他已經吃飽了。
We can go to this school freely.
我們可以免費到這家學校學習。
They left a life hardly then.
當時他們的生活很艱難。
I have seen this film twice with my friends.
這部電影我和朋友看過兩次。
2) 副詞修飾形容詞時,一般放在被修飾詞之前,但enough除外。
It's rather easy, I can do it.
這很容易,我能做到。
He did it quite well.
他做得相當好。
It's rather difficult to tell who is right.
很難說誰是對的。
He didn't run fast enough to catch the train.
他的奔跑速度不足以快到能夠追上火車。
3) 頻度副詞可放在實義動詞的前面,情态動詞和助動詞的後面。
I often help him these days.
這些日子我經常幫助他。
I always remember the day when I first came to this school.
我常常記得我第一次來學校的那一天。
You couldn't always help me.
你不能老是幫助我。
We usually go shopping once a week.
我們通常一周買一次東西。
The new students don't always go to dance.
新學生并不時常去跳舞。
4) 疑問副詞,連接副詞,關系副詞以及修飾整個句子的副詞,通常放在句子或從句的前面。
When do you study everyday?
你每天什麼時間學習?
Can you tell me how you did it?
你能告訴我你如何做的嗎?
First, let me ask you some questions.
先讓我來問幾個問題。
How much does this bicycle cost?
這輛自行車多少錢?
The students were reading when the teacher came into the classroom.
當老師進教室時,學生們正在讀書。
5) 時間副詞和地點副詞在一個句中, 地點副詞在前面,時間副詞在後面。
We went shopping in the supermarket at 9 o'clock yesterday.
昨天九點鐘我們到超市買東西了.
What were you doing in the classroom yesterday afternoon?
昨天下午你在教室裡幹什麼?
The accident took place in the Eleven Avenue one hour ago.
這場事故在一小時前發生在十一号大街。
6)否定副詞在句首,句子要部分倒裝。
Never have I felt so excited!
我從來沒有覺得這麼激動!
比較等級
副詞和形容詞一樣,也有它的比較級和最高級形式. 可以參考形容詞的變換形式。但以詞尾 -ly 結尾的副詞(除 early )須用 more 和 most 。
hard-harder-hardest
fast-faster-fastest
early-earlier-earliest
much-more-most
warmly-more warmly-most warmly
單音節副詞的比較級是在副詞後面加上 -er 構成的,最高級是在副詞後面加上 -est 構成的。
near-nearer-nearest
hard-harder-hardest
多音節副詞的比較級是在副詞的前面加上 -more 構成的。 最高級是在副詞前面加上 -most 構成的。
warmly-more warmly-most warmly
successfully-more successfully-most successfully
有些副詞的比較級和最高級形式是不規則的。
well-better-best
little-less-least
much-more-most
badly(bad)-worse(more badly)-worst(most badly)
far-farther-farthest
far-further-furthest
副詞的比較級和最高級用法同形容詞的比較級用法基本一樣。 最高級形式句中 the 可以省略。
He works harder than me.
他比我工作努力。
Lucy gets up earlier than Lili.
露西比麗麗起床早。
He runs fastest in our class.
他在我們班跑地最快。
He dives deeper than his teammates.
他比他的隊員潛水深。
It's true that he speak English more fluently than any of us.
他英語講的确實比我們任何人都好。
Our school team play football best in our region.
我們校隊在我們地區足球踢得最好的。
基本用法
原級比較的用法
1. 原級比較由“as+形容詞或副詞(或再加名詞或短語)+as ”構成“原級相同”比較句,表示兩者比較;其否定式,即“程度不及”比較句型為“not so(as) +形容詞或副詞+as”,而且as…as結構前可用just, almost, nearly, quite等表示程度的詞修飾
1) Walking briskly for thirty minutes will burn as many calories as _________.
〔A〕 to run for fifteen minutes
〔B〕 running for fifteen minutes
〔C〕 you run for fifteen minutes
〔D〕 fifteen?minute walking
2) The gorilla(大猩猩), while 〔A〕 not quite as curious than 〔B〕 the chimpanzee(黑猩猩), shows more persistence 〔C〕 and memory retention(記憶力) in solving 〔D〕 a problem.
3) Alaska is twice 〔A〕 as larger 〔B〕 as 〔C〕 the next largest 〔D〕 state, Texas.
2. “as (so)+名詞+as+名詞”進行名詞比較,這時一般情況下有一個表示原級的比較詞,但如果第一名詞前出現了形容詞修飾該詞或出現副詞修飾謂語,應當用so而不用as
4) Thomas Jefferson’s achievements as an architect rival his contributions a politician.
〔A〕 such
〔B〕 more
〔C〕 as
〔D〕 than
5) I should say Henry is not much a writer as a reporter. (88年考題)
〔A〕 that
〔B〕 so
〔C〕 this
〔D〕 as
3. 表示“是……幾倍”時用“twice; three times等 + as 形容副詞as...” eg. 1)This book costs twice as much as that one. 這本書的價錢是那本書的兩倍。
2)He has four times as many books as I have 他擁有的書是我擁有的四倍
比較級
1. 比較級由“形容詞(副詞)比較級+than+…,”構成表示在兩者中間一方比另一方“更加…”。連詞than後可接句子,也可接名詞、代詞、名詞短語、介詞短語、動詞、動詞不定式、?ING結構和?ED結構,有時也可省去than。
6) Natural mica(雲母) of 〔A〕 a superior 〔B〕 quality is cheapest 〔C〕 to obtain than synthetic 〔D〕 mica.
7) She is older than .
〔A〕 any other girl in the group
〔B〕 any girl in the group
〔C〕 all girls in the group
〔D〕 you and me as well as the group
8) josephine McCrackin joined 〔A〕 the “Santa Cruz Sentinel” in 1905 and, until her death fifteen years late 〔B〕 , remained 〔C〕 active in journalistic 〔D〕 work.
2. 注意than前後兩項相比較的人或事物要一緻
9) The purpose of the research had a more important meaning for them than .
〔A〕 ours
〔B〕 with us
〔C〕 for ours it had
〔D〕 it did for us
10) Sound travels air.
〔A〕 faster through water than through 〔B〕 faster than through water and
〔C〕 through water faster and〔D〕 where it is faster through water than through
11) Gerbrand von den Feckhout, one of Rembrand’s pupils, followed 〔A〕 the style of his teacher so implicitly that 〔B〕 his paintings 〔C〕 are sometimes confused with his master .
最高級
1. 最高級用于三者以上比較,形容詞的結構形式是“定冠詞+形容詞最高級+名詞+表示範圍的短語(地點)或從句”(如all, of all, of the tree, in the world, that has ever taken place等)或“定冠詞+形容詞最高級+of+人群”
12) The more 〔A〕 fearsome of all the 〔B〕 animals in 〔C〕 the Western 〔D〕 Hemisphere is the grizzly bear.
13) Of all economic 〔A〕 problems, inflation continues to be 〔B〕 a 〔C〕 most significant in its daily impact on 〔D〕 people and business.
14) __________, the most familiar to general public is the criminal jurisdiction.
〔A〕 All the activities
〔B〕 The activities
〔C〕 Of all the activities
〔D〕 It is the activities
2. 副詞的最高級與形容詞最高級的區别在于最高級可以不用定冠詞the
特殊表達
形容詞與副詞的同級比較
由“as(so)…as”引出,其否定式為“not so…”或“not as…as”,考生還應注意下列含有“as”結構或短語的句子
as such:表示上文所指明的事或人 He is a child,and must be treated as such. 他是個孩子,必須被當作孩子對待。
as much:表示“與…同量” Take as much as you like. 拿多少都行。 I would gladly have paid twice as much for it. 就是價格再貴一倍,我也會願意把它買下的。 He as much as admitted the whole story. 他幾乎全部承認了。
as many:表示“與…一樣多” I found six mistakes in as many lines. 我在六行中發現了六個錯。
表示“幾倍于”的比較級
用twice (兩倍),four times (四倍),ten times (十倍)加上as … as 結構
This one is four times as big as that one. 這個是那個的四倍大。(這個比那個大三倍。)
Our campus is three times as large as yours. 我們的校園比你們的大兩倍。
He has books twice as many as she does. 他的書比她多一倍。
1) The five?year deal obligates 〔A〕 the country to buy nine million tons 〔B〕 of grain a year 〔C〕 , three million more as 〔D〕 the old pact’s minimum.
“the same +名詞+as”表示同等比較
2) The lens of a camera performs the lens of the eye.
〔A〕 in the same function 〔B〕 the same function as
〔C〕 the function is the same as 〔D〕 and has the same function
3) The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would
have as the amount of money borrowed.
〔A〕 as the same value 〔B〕 the same value
〔C〕 value as the same 〔D〕 the value is the same
比較級前可用a little, a bit, slightly, a great deal, a lot,many, much等詞語表示不定量,far, completely,still表示程度或更進一步
4) There are now methods for studying color vision in infants than there once were.
〔A〕 more sophisticated than
〔B〕 much more sophisticated
〔C〕 much sophisticated
〔D〕 sophisticated
5) The photographs of Mars taken by satellite are than those taken from the Earth.
〔A〕 clearest
〔B〕 the clearest
〔C〕 much clearer
〔D〕 more clearer
6) Common porpoises(海豚) are usually not considered 〔A〕 migratory, although 〔B〕 some do move 〔C〕 to more warmer 〔D〕 waters in winter.
兩種形式
close與closely
close意思是"近"; closely 意思是"仔細地"
He is sitting close to me.
Watch him closely.
late 與lately
late意思是"晚"; lately 意思是"最近"
You have come too late.
What have you been doing lately?
deep與deeply
deep意思是"深",表示空間深度;deeply時常表示感情上的深度,"深深地"
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
Even father was deeply moved by the film.
high與highly
high表示空間高度;highly表示程度,相當于much
The plane was flying high.
I think highly of your opinion.
wide與widely
wide表示空間寬度;widely意思是"廣泛地","在許多地方"
He opened the door wide.
English is widely used in the world.
free與freely
free的意思是"免費";freely 的意思是"無限制地"
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
You may speak freely; say what you like.
副詞有加a或ly的 區别在于通常加a 的副詞描述一種狀态,而加ly 的副詞則傾向于感覺。
英語中, 有些副詞具有兩種形式:一是與形容詞同形;二是由該形容詞後加-ly構成(以下稱形容詞形副詞和-ly形副詞)。這兩種形式的副詞有些含義相同或在某些情 況下含義相同,有些則完全不同;有的含義相同但用法又有所不同,有的含義不同但用法又相同。如何正确運用這些副詞,是同學們在平時學習中經常遇到的令人困 惑的問題,因為這涉及到語體、語義和語用等方面的問題。
使用區别
總體
1.形容詞形副詞傾向于表靜态意義,突出"感覺,狀态、結果";-ly形副詞傾向于表動态意義,強調"方式、方法"。由于表達的語體,語義側重點和感情色彩不同,這兩種副詞有時可以互換使用,所以其内含的靜動态意義也會随之變化。
2.形容詞形副詞不能被一個程度狀語所修飾,而-ly形副詞則可以。
3.形容詞形副詞多用在非正式語體中,而-ly形副詞多用在正式語體中。
4.形容詞形副詞一般表示較具體的概念,而-ly形副詞則表示抽象或引申意義,有時還帶有一定的感情色彩。
5.在表示比較級和最高級時通常用形容詞形副詞來取代-ly形副詞。
6.在過去分詞、作主語用的動名詞和強調句中被強調的成分前通常隻用-ly形副詞而不用形容詞形副詞。
具體
1.cheap和cheaply
兩者意思相同。但在實際運用中,一般隻用cheap而不用cheaply,尤其是在口語中與動詞buy和sell等連用時,隻用cheap。例如:
He sold the house very cheap.他很便宜地把房子賣掉了。
2.clean和cleanly
clean作副詞用時,表示"完全、徹底地"的意思時,常與動詞forget,介詞over和 through,副詞away和out連用,其他的動詞、介詞和副詞常與cleanly搭配使用。例如:
I am sorry,I clean forgot it.對不起,我把這事全忘了。
The knife doesn’t cut cleanly.這刀切起來不利索。
3.clear和clearly
兩者表示"清楚地"的意思時,除上述六種情況外,一般情況下可以互用。例如:
We clear /clearly need to think over the plan again.我們顯然需要對這個計劃再三考慮。
然而,當clear表示"完全,徹底"的意思時,可與clean互換使用。例如:
He found the cat got clear /clean away
when he came back.當他回來時,他發現那隻貓逃得無影無蹤。
此外,當clear表示"隔開,不接觸"的意思時,一般不能與clearly或clean互換使用。例如:
Stand clear of the gate!别站在大門口!
You should keep clear of that fellow.你不要與那家夥來往。
4.close和closely
兩者意思有時相同。close作副詞用時表示"接近,緊密"的意思,但在過去分詞前要用 closely。一般情況下closely用來表示"仔細地、細心地"的意思。例如:
Come close,I want to tell you something.靠近點,我有點事要告訴你。
She is closely related to the old woman.她是那位老太太的近親。
5.dead和deadly
dead作副詞時多用在某些詞組裡,表示"的确,完全"的意思;deadly一般作形容詞用,意為"緻命的"。用副詞表達這個意思時要用fatally。隻有修飾形容詞時deadly才作副詞表示"死一樣地"的意思。例如:
The man lay on the ground,dead drunk.那個人躺在地上,喝得爛醉。
On hearing the terrible news,his face went deadly pale.一聽到那可怕的消息,他的臉色變得像死人一樣蒼白。
6.deep和deeply
兩者的意思基本相同,但deep多用于諺語、習語和靜态的描述中;deeply的意思比較抽象,多用來修飾表示顔色的形容詞或分詞。例如:Still water runs deep.靜水淵深。(大智若愚。)
They felt deeply grateful to the teacher.他們對那位老師感激萬分。
7.direct和directly
direct作副詞時,往往用于表示時間、路程和方式等概念上;directly多用于借喻,有時還可用來表示"立即、馬上"的意思。例如:
The plane goes direct from London to Houston without stopping.飛機由倫敦直飛休斯敦,中途不停。
I must go home directly.我必須馬上回家去。
8.easy和easily
easy作副詞時多用于一些習語中,表示"從容不迫,慢慢地,容易地"的意思;easily多用來表示人和物的能力、力量等,意為"容易地,不費勁地"。例如:
Don’t be so nervous,take it easy.别緊張,放松點。
I found it easily.我很容易地找到了它。
9.fair和fairly
fair 作副詞時多用于一些習語中,本意為"公正地,公平地,光明正大地",其引申意則變化較大。常見的與fair搭配的習語有play fair(光明正大地比 賽),fight fair(按規矩格鬥),deal fair with sb.(公平待人),fall fair(直挺挺地倒下),hit fair (不偏不倚正擊中), speak sb.fair(對某人花言巧語)等。
除了一些習語外,表示"公正地"多用 fairly。此外,fairly還可用作程度狀語,其意思和quite或rather相近。例如:
He was fairly beside himself with joy.他欣喜若狂。
It may be fairly asserted that he is a liar.完全可以推斷出他是一個騙子。
10.firm和firmly
firm和firmly的意思基本相同,都表示"堅定,穩定,牢固"的意思。根據用法習慣, firm隻與hold和stand搭配,其它情況都用 firmly。例如:
The girl held firmly to her mother’s hand when the stranger came to them. 當那陌生人朝她們走過來時,那個小女孩緊緊抓住她母親的手。Stand firm,don’t move!站穩,别動!
11.high和highly
一般來說,high作副詞時多用來表示具體物體的高矮,highly多用于表示抽象意義上的高低,但high也可表抽象意義。然而,在分詞前一般隻用high,而不用highly。例如:
A bird is flying high in the sky.一隻鳥正高飛在天空。
He spoke highly of her.他高度贊揚了她。
12.light和lightly
light作副詞的意思是"輕輕地、輕裝地"和"(睡得)不熟"等,而lightly則表示"輕微地,輕率地"的意思。有時light和lightly可以互換。例如:
I like travelling light.我喜歡輕裝旅行。
He wears his seventy years lightly.他簡直看不出有七十多歲。
另外,light還經常與其它的詞搭配使用,一起構成短語,如make light of,set light by(輕視),sit light on(對……來說負擔不重)等。
13.loud和loudly
在動詞的後面以及在口語中一般用 loud,而不用loudly。與loud連用的動詞多是一些表示動作的動詞。這些動詞有talk, speak,shout,laugh,cry等。例如:
Don’t talk ;so loud,you will wake the whole street.别那麼大聲說話,左鄰右居都會被你吵醒的。
Her voice arrived loud and clear in my phone.我的電話裡傳來了她清脆響亮的聲音。
14.low和lowly
low作副詞時經常被用來作狀語修飾 aim,bow,buy,curtsey,fall,sell,sing,speak等動詞表示"低,便宜的"意思;lowly通常用作形容詞,其意思是"卑微的,低賤的"。lowly作副詞用時多可以由low代替。例如:
The village is located low in the slope of a hill.那個村莊處在山坡低處。
Don’t sell the clothes too low.不要把那套衣服太廉價出售掉。
15.near和nearly
near 作副詞用時多表示具體時間或空間上的"近,臨近";nearly多用來表示抽象的概念,其意思是"幾乎,差不多"。nearly可以與 not連用,但不 能和其它否定詞如never,no- body,nothing,nowhere,no,none等連用。例如:
The Spring Festival is drawing near.春節即将到來。
It is not nearly as easy as you think.那遠不像你想得那麼容易。
另外,nearly還可以表示"親密地,密切地"的意思。例如:
They are nearly related,but they hardly meet.他們是近親,但他們難得有機會相見。
16.real和really
real和really的意思基本相同,但real多用在形容詞和副詞前面表示強調,而really的位置則比較靈活,它通常可放在動詞前和複合謂語的第一個動詞後面。有時,在否定句中,really的位置不同則可引出不同的意思。例如:
You food real well.你做的飯菜确實很好。
Really,I don’t think I agree with you.真的,我恐怕不同意你的看法。
17.right 和 rightly
right和rightly的意思基本相同。right多用在動詞後或介詞短語前,與習語搭配時多用rightly。rightly可以放在動詞前或後。有時在動詞之後,right和rightly可以互用。例如:
It serves you right.你罪有應得。
The post office lies right at the corner of the street.郵局就在那條街的拐角處。
18.slow和slowly [1]
slow作副詞用時,語氣比slowly強,且多用于口語體、祈使句和習語中。slowly常用于陳述句。例如:
Drive slow!開慢點!
They walked slowly down the road.他們慢慢地沿着大路走過去了。
注意:著名學者周海中教授指出,當slow作為副詞時,它與其派生詞slowly在用法上無甚區别。例如:The cat came slow(ly) towards us.[那隻貓向着我們慢慢地走來]。但有幾點值得注意,尤其是它們的習慣用法,可詳見《Slow與Slowly》一文。
19.strong和strongly
strong 隻用于少數短語中。與strong搭配的短語常見的有by the strong arm /hand(強制地),come /go it strong (做得過火),come on strong(給人以強烈的印象),go strong(強健), go strong on(竭力主張)等。一般情況下 用 strongly表示"強烈、有力地"的意思。例如:
She strongly insisted on seeing her lawyer.她堅持要見她的律師。
Smith is still going strong after 40years of work.史密斯工作了四十年,還是身強體壯。
20.sure和surely
sure 作副詞時常用在某些短語和簡略回答句中,表示"當然,确實"的意思。常與sure搭配的短語有sure enough(果然),as sure as (和……一樣确實),be sure and(千萬要……),for sure(确實,毫無疑問),make sure(查明,弄清楚)等。surely 表示"必定,一定"的意思,多用于句末等情況。例如:
May I come in?--Sure!我可以進來嗎?當然可以!
You will surely pass the test.你一定會考及格。
修飾詞語
1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等
2)還可以用表示倍數的詞或度量名詞作修飾語。
3)以上詞(除by far)外,必須置于比較級形容詞或副詞的前面。
典型例題
---- Are you feeling ____? ---- Yes,I'm fine now. A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better 答案:B. any 可修飾比較級,quite修飾原級,well的比較級為better.
The experiment was____ easier than we had expected. A. more B. much more C. much D. more much 答案:C. much可修飾比較級,因此B,C都說得通,但easier本身已是比較級,不需more,因此正确答案為C
If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school. A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest time D. a much happier time 答案:D。 其實,副詞在世界裡無處不在。你快去找找吧!